esm: fix source phase identity bug due to loadCache eviction

[guybedford]

This fixes a bug where ensurePhase() upgrading a cache source phase job to an evaluation phase job calling link -> syncLink will hit the finally block of syncLink clearing the entry from the loadCache per the cycle handling convention assuming reinsertion.

When hitting this error an ERR_MODULE_LINK_MISMATCH was being thrown by the new test added here.

The fix here is to avoid deleting in finally in syncLink when an existing entry exists.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/loaders

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 89.70%. Comparing base (2263b4d) to head (a9b2501).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #62415      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   89.68%   89.70%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         676      676              
  Lines      206710   206717       +7     
  Branches    39584    39586       +2     
==========================================
+ Hits       185398   185432      +34     
+ Misses      13441    13432       -9     
+ Partials     7871     7853      -18     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js	96.56% <100.00%> (+0.04%)	⬆️

... and 39 files with indirect coverage changes

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