feat(bump_rule): add BumpRule, VersionIncrement, Prerelease Enum

[bearomorphism]

Related issue: #129
Original PR: #1431

Description

Please see bump_rule.py, bump.py, cz/base.py, version_scheme.py and commands/bump.py (~350 lines).
The rest 1000+ lines are just tests and renaming.

• Rewrote the bump pattern matching mechanism to make the algorithm more strict and maintainable.
• Maintained backward compatibility with CustomBumpRule.
• Simplified code.
• Added a new Enum class SemVerIncrement and replace MAJOR, MINOR, PATCH with the Enum.
• Now Prerelease is Enum.
• Simplify find_increment logic in SemVerIncrement.get_highest_by_messages.
  • find_increment was the combination of 2 features: "finding the highest semantic version increment" and "parsing the semantic version increment from each git commit message".

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guidelines

Code Changes

• Add test cases to all the changes you introduce
• Run poetry all locally to ensure this change passes linter check and tests
• Manually test the changes:
  • Verify the feature/bug fix works as expected in real-world scenarios
  • Test edge cases and error conditions
  • Ensure backward compatibility is maintained
  • Document any manual testing steps performed
• Update the documentation for the changes

Documentation Changes

• Run poetry doc locally to ensure the documentation pages renders correctly

Expected Behavior

Steps to Test This Pull Request

Additional Context