Support PostgreSQL hex bytea literals

[xiangfu0]

Depends on

• Support BYTES array literals end to end #19247

This is intentionally a draft stacked follow-up to keep PostgreSQL parser compatibility separate from the core BYTES_ARRAY feature. Until #19247 merges, GitHub's diff against master also includes that parent PR. After #19247 lands, this branch will be rebased so only the PostgreSQL parser commit remains.

Summary

• Accept PostgreSQL hex bytea constants in both '\x0102'::bytea and CAST('\x0102' AS BYTEA) forms.
• Normalize supported bytea constants to Pinot's existing binary-literal representation before either the single-stage or multi-stage engine plans the query.
• Preserve the existing SQL-standard X'0102' form.
• Cover scalar literals, BYTES array construction, ingested multi-value BYTES predicates, planner type inference, and runtime execution.

Usage

PostgreSQL infix-cast form:

SELECT '\x0102'::bytea;

Standard CAST spelling:

SELECT CAST('\x0102' AS BYTEA);

Construct and query a BYTES array:

SELECT ARRAY['\x00'::bytea, '\x0102'::bytea, '\xFF'::bytea];

SELECT id, byte_values
FROM events
WHERE ARRAYS_OVERLAP(
  byte_values,
  ARRAY['\x0102'::bytea, '\xCAFE'::bytea]
);

Result values remain hex strings, and an array result reports BYTES_ARRAY metadata.

Compatibility scope

This change supports quoted PostgreSQL hex-format bytea constants. Values must start with \x; upper- and lowercase hex are accepted, as is whitespace between complete byte pairs.

It does not add a general expr::type cast operator, dynamic STRING-to-BYTES conversion, or PostgreSQL's historical octal escape-format bytea input. Normalizing only quoted constants keeps both query engines aligned and avoids per-row decoding.

No Thrift or protobuf schema changes are introduced here. Supported constants normalize to the same scalar binary literals used by X'...' syntax.

Validation

• Parser/request/Thrift tests: 64/64 passed.
• Single-stage literal-only broker tests: 9/9 passed.
• Multi-stage bytea type-inference test: 1/1 passed.
• BinaryTypes runtime/H2 queries: 4/4 passed across both optimizer variants.
• BytesMvTypeTest: 14/14 passed for real Avro array ingestion and both query engines.
• Full integration-test reactor: 63/63 modules and 956 goals passed under JDK 25.
• spotless:apply, checkstyle:check, license:format, and license:check passed for all five affected modules.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 82.91139% with 27 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 67.12%. Comparing base (b6cd43b) to head (ab14771).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...nsform/function/ArrayLiteralTransformFunction.java	77.77%	7 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
...ot/sql/parsers/PostgreSqlByteaLiteralRewriter.java	82.92%	2 Missing and 5 partials ⚠️
...sthandler/BaseSingleStageBrokerRequestHandler.java	75.00%	1 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
...pache/pinot/common/utils/request/RequestUtils.java	86.36%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
...e/pinot/common/request/context/LiteralContext.java	83.33%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
.../pinot/query/runtime/operator/utils/TypeUtils.java	75.00%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
...e/pinot/common/function/scalar/ArrayFunctions.java	80.00%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
.../parsers/rewriter/CompileTimeFunctionsInvoker.java	94.44%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master   #19263      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     67.09%   67.12%   +0.03%     
  Complexity     1424     1424              
============================================
  Files          3459     3460       +1     
  Lines        219789   219938     +149     
  Branches      35007    35043      +36     
============================================
+ Hits         147457   147627     +170     
+ Misses        60543    60506      -37     
- Partials      11789    11805      +16     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	100.00% <ø> (ø)
integration1	100.00% <ø> (ø)
integration2	0.00% <ø> (ø)
java-25	67.12% <82.91%> (+0.03%)	⬆️
lane-a	100.00% <ø> (ø)
lane-b	0.00% <ø> (ø)
temurin	67.12% <82.91%> (+0.03%)	⬆️
unittests	67.11% <82.91%> (+0.03%)	⬆️
unittests1	57.79% <82.19%> (+0.05%)	⬆️
unittests2	39.19% <33.54%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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