diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 3f91485..6525805 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ repos:
 
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
   # Ruff version.
-  rev: v0.15.6
+  rev: v0.16.0
   hooks:
     - id: ruff
       args: [--fix, --exit-non-zero-on-fix]
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 53ff92a..0154199 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     try:
         setup(use_scm_version={"version_scheme": "no-guess-dev"})
-    except:  # noqa
+    except:
         print(
             "\n\nAn error occurred while building the project, "
             "please ensure you have the most updated version of setuptools, "
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/__init__.py b/src/compressed_lists/__init__.py
index 46b8676..8bcf8e2 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/__init__.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/__init__.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
 finally:
     del version, PackageNotFoundError
 
-from .partition import Partitioning
 from .base import CompressedList
-from .integer_list import CompressedIntegerList
-from .string_list import CompressedStringList, CompressedCharacterList
+from .biocframe_list import CompressedSplitBiocFrameList
 from .bool_list import CompressedBooleanList
 from .float_list import CompressedFloatList
+from .integer_list import CompressedIntegerList
 from .numpy_list import CompressedNumpyList
-from .biocframe_list import CompressedSplitBiocFrameList
+from .partition import Partitioning
 from .split_generic import splitAsCompressedList
+from .string_list import CompressedCharacterList, CompressedStringList
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/base.py b/src/compressed_lists/base.py
index 53aa35c..861d214 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/base.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/base.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
 import numpy as np
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
 
 from .partition import Partitioning
 
@@ -59,8 +60,8 @@ def __init__(
         unlist_data: Any,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
         element_type: Any = None,
-        element_metadata: Optional[BiocFrame] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: BiocFrame | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         _validate: bool = True,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedList.
@@ -205,8 +206,8 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
         output += f"partitioning: {ut.print_truncated_list(self._partitioning)}\n"
 
-        output += f"element_metadata({str(len(self._element_metadata))} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
-        output += f"metadata({str(len(self._metadata))}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"element_metadata({len(self._element_metadata)!s} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"metadata({len(self._metadata)!s}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
 
         return output
 
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ def paritioning(self) -> Partitioning:
     ######>> names <<######
     #######################
 
-    def get_names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def get_names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Get the names of list elements."""
         return self._partitioning.get_names()
 
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ def set_names(self, names: Sequence[str], in_place: bool = False) -> CompressedL
         return output
 
     @property
-    def names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Alias for :py:attr:`~get_names`."""
         return self._partitioning.get_names()
 
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ def element_metadata(self, element_metadata: BiocFrame):
     ######>> accessors <<#####
     ##########################
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, str, slice]) -> Any:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int | str | slice) -> Any:
         """Get an element or slice of elements from the list.
 
         Args:
@@ -458,8 +459,8 @@ def extract_range(self, start: int, end: int) -> Any:
     def from_list(
         cls,
         lst: Any,
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
     ) -> CompressedList:
         """Create a CompressedList from a regular list.
 
@@ -496,7 +497,7 @@ def from_list(
     ######>> coercions <<######
     ###########################
 
-    def to_list(self) -> List[List[Any]]:
+    def to_list(self) -> list[list[Any]]:
         """Convert to a regular Python list.
 
         Returns:
@@ -511,7 +512,7 @@ def to_list(self) -> List[List[Any]]:
 
         return result
 
-    def as_list(self) -> List[List[Any]]:
+    def as_list(self) -> list[list[Any]]:
         """Alias to :py:meth:`~to_list`"""
         return self.to_list()
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/biocframe_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/biocframe_list.py
index 58e8873..d5b8eff 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/biocframe_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/biocframe_list.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import biocutils as ut
 from biocframe import BiocFrame
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: BiocFrame,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedSplitBiocFrameList.
@@ -55,9 +56,9 @@ def __init__(
     @classmethod
     def from_list(
         cls,
-        lst: List[BiocFrame],
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        lst: list[BiocFrame],
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        metadata: dict | None = None,
     ) -> CompressedSplitBiocFrameList:
         """Create a `CompressedSplitBiocFrameList` from a regular list.
 
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ def from_list(
         partitioning = Partitioning.from_list(lst, names)
         return cls(unlist_data, partitioning, metadata=metadata)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, str, slice]):
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int | str | slice):
         """Override to handle column extraction using `splitAsCompressedList`."""
         if isinstance(key, str):
             column_data = self._unlist_data.get_column(key)
@@ -154,8 +155,8 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
         output += f"partitioning: {ut.print_truncated_list(self._partitioning)}\n"
 
-        output += f"element_metadata({str(len(self._element_metadata))} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
-        output += f"metadata({str(len(self._metadata))}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"element_metadata({len(self._element_metadata)!s} rows): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._element_metadata.get_column_names()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
+        output += f"metadata({len(self._metadata)!s}): {ut.print_truncated_list(list(self._metadata.keys()), sep=' ', include_brackets=False, transform=lambda y: y)}\n"
 
         return output
 
@@ -179,9 +180,9 @@ def empty(cls, n: int):
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: BiocFrame,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedSplitBiocFrameList:
     """Handle lists of BiocFrame objects."""
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/bool_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/bool_list.py
index df21979..2dcc2b7 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/bool_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/bool_list.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: ut.BooleanList,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedBooleanList.
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ def __init__(
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: ut.BooleanList,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedBooleanList:
     """Handle lists of booleans."""
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/float_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/float_list.py
index 3172a16..ad20297 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/float_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/float_list.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: ut.FloatList,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedFloatList.
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ def __init__(
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: ut.FloatList,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedFloatList:
     """Handle lists of floats."""
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/integer_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/integer_list.py
index f2586d2..d0dbb4e 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/integer_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/integer_list.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: ut.IntegerList,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedIntegerList.
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ def __init__(
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: ut.IntegerList,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedIntegerList:
     """Handle lists of integers."""
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/numpy_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/numpy_list.py
index bba2a3a..2b571a5 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/numpy_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/numpy_list.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: np.ndarray,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedNumpyList.
@@ -62,9 +63,9 @@ def __init__(
     @classmethod
     def from_list(
         cls,
-        lst: List[np.ndarray],
-        names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        lst: list[np.ndarray],
+        names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        metadata: dict | None = None,
     ) -> CompressedNumpyList:
         """
         Create a `CompressedNumpyList` from a list of NumPy vectors.
@@ -95,9 +96,9 @@ def from_list(
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: np.ndarray,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedNumpyList:
     """Handle NumPy arrays."""
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/partition.py b/src/compressed_lists/partition.py
index 231814f..c569c33 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/partition.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/partition.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ class Partitioning:
     It keeps track of where each element begins and ends in the unlisted data.
     """
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, ends: Sequence[int], names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None, _validate: bool = True
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, ends: Sequence[int], names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None, _validate: bool = True):
         """Initialize a Partitioning object.
 
         Args:
@@ -56,9 +54,7 @@ def __init__(
             _validate_names(names, len(ends))
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_lengths(
-        cls, lengths: Sequence[int], names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None
-    ) -> Partitioning:
+    def from_lengths(cls, lengths: Sequence[int], names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None) -> Partitioning:
         """Create a Partitioning from a sequence of lengths.
 
         Args:
@@ -75,7 +71,7 @@ def from_lengths(
         return cls(ends, names)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_list(cls, lst: List, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None) -> Partitioning:
+    def from_list(cls, lst: list, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None) -> Partitioning:
         """Create a Partitioning from a list by using the lengths of each element.
 
         Args:
@@ -198,7 +194,7 @@ def get_partition_range(self, i: int) -> tuple:
             raise IndexError(f"Partition index {i} out of range.")
         return (self._starts[i], self._ends[i])
 
-    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[tuple, List[tuple]]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int | slice) -> tuple | list[tuple]:
         """Get partition range(s) by index or slice.
 
         Args:
@@ -220,11 +216,11 @@ def __getitem__(self, key: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[tuple, List[tuple]]:
     ######>> names <<#####
     ######################
 
-    def get_names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def get_names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Return the names of each partition."""
         return self._names
 
-    def set_names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]], in_place: bool = False) -> Partitioning:
+    def set_names(self, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None, in_place: bool = False) -> Partitioning:
         """Set the names of list elements.
 
         Args:
@@ -250,12 +246,12 @@ def set_names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]], in_place: b
         return output
 
     @property
-    def names(self) -> Optional[ut.Names]:
+    def names(self) -> ut.Names | None:
         """Alias for :py:attr:`~get_names`, provided for back-compatibility."""
         return self.get_names()
 
     @names.setter
-    def names(self, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]]):
+    def names(self, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None):
         """Alias for :py:meth:`~set_names` with ``in_place = True``.
 
         As this mutates the original object, a warning is raised.
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/split_generic.py b/src/compressed_lists/split_generic.py
index af44359..1647972 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/split_generic.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/split_generic.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import singledispatch
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any
 
 import biocutils as ut
 import numpy as np
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@
 
 
 def groups_to_partition(
-    data: Any, groups: list, names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None
-) -> Tuple[List[Any], Partitioning]:
+    data: Any, groups: list, names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None
+) -> tuple[list[Any], Partitioning]:
     """Convert group membership vector to partitioned data and Partitioning object.
 
     Args:
@@ -60,9 +61,9 @@ def groups_to_partition(
 @singledispatch
 def splitAsCompressedList(
     data: Any,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> Any:
     """Generic function to split data into an appropriate `CompressedList` subclass.
 
diff --git a/src/compressed_lists/string_list.py b/src/compressed_lists/string_list.py
index 54892d0..39f1168 100644
--- a/src/compressed_lists/string_list.py
+++ b/src/compressed_lists/string_list.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 from warnings import warn
 
 import biocutils as ut
@@ -19,8 +20,8 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         unlist_data: ut.StringList,
         partitioning: Partitioning,
-        element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-        metadata: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], ut.NamedList]] = None,
+        element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] | ut.NamedList | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize a CompressedStringList.
@@ -60,9 +61,9 @@ class CompressedCharacterList(CompressedStringList):
 @splitAsCompressedList.register
 def _(
     data: ut.StringList,
-    groups_or_partitions: Union[list, Partitioning],
-    names: Optional[Union[ut.Names, Sequence[str]]] = None,
-    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    groups_or_partitions: list | Partitioning,
+    names: ut.Names | Sequence[str] | None = None,
+    metadata: dict | None = None,
 ) -> CompressedStringList:
     """Handle lists of strings."""
 
diff --git a/tests/test_base.py b/tests/test_base.py
index 164e519..a43c7a1 100644
--- a/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/test_base.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 import biocutils as ut
 import pytest
+from biocframe import BiocFrame
 
 from compressed_lists import CompressedList
-from biocframe import BiocFrame
 
 __author__ = "Jayaram Kancherla"
 __copyright__ = "Jayaram Kancherla"
diff --git a/tests/test_comp_custom.py b/tests/test_comp_custom.py
index 82bd860..105cc76 100644
--- a/tests/test_comp_custom.py
+++ b/tests/test_comp_custom.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -17,20 +18,20 @@ def __init__(
             unlist_data: Any,
             partitioning: Partitioning,
             element_type: Any = None,
-            element_metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
-            metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+            element_metadata: dict | None = None,
+            metadata: dict | None = None,
             validate: bool = True,
         ):
             super().__init__(
                 unlist_data, partitioning, element_type="float", element_metadata=element_metadata, metadata=metadata
             )
 
-        def extract_range(self, start: int, end: int) -> List[float]:
+        def extract_range(self, start: int, end: int) -> list[float]:
             return self._unlist_data[start:end]
 
         @classmethod
         def from_list(
-            cls, lst: List[Any], names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, metadata: Optional[dict] = None
+            cls, lst: list[Any], names: Sequence[str] | None = None, metadata: dict | None = None
         ) -> "CompressedCustomFloatList":
             flat_data = []
             for sublist in lst: